Embedded systems are the crucial components of modern compact devices with multifunction capabilities. Embedded systems are specific computer programs that combine the functions of purpose-built software and hardware and are completely encapsulated by the devices they control. An embedded system has specific requirements and performs predefined tasks, unlike a general purpose personal computer. An embedded system is a programmed hardware device. A programmable hardware chip is the platform and is programmed with particular applications. Embedded systems are a combination of hardware and software that facilitates mass production and a large number of applications.

Embedded systems constitute the broadest possible use of computer systems and include all computers specifically designed as special-purpose computers. Examples of embedded systems range from a portable music player to real-time control of systems like the space shuttle. They are identified by their functions. These systems have to overcome resource constraints and system specifications. These systems meet their real-time constraints with a combination of special-purpose hardware and software custom-developed to address system requirements.

The embedded processor chip has the freedom to determine the data path, handle graphics and animation requirements, and nearly all of the functionality of the device in which it is embedded. This allows the architecture of an embedded system to be simple and straightforward. Softwares specially developed for embedded hardware systems, especially those without a disk drive, are called firmwares. Programs in an embedded system often run under real-time constraints with limited hardware resources. In many cases there is no drive, operating system, keyboard or screen. The software may not have anything remotely resembling a file system, or if one is present, a flash drive may replace spinning media. If a user interface is present, it may be a small keyboard and a liquid crystal display.

Embedded systems typically reside on machines that are expected to run continuously for years without errors. Therefore, software and firmware are often very rigorously and meticulously developed and tested. Embedded systems generally avoid mechanical moving parts, such as disk drives, switches, or buttons, because they are unreliable compared to solid-state parts, such as Flash memory. Solid state electronic components form the bulk of a device with an embedded system.

The embedded system must have the unique quality and functionality of being able to be rebooted even if catastrophic data corruption has occurred. This is usually accomplished with a standard electronic part called a watchdog timer that resets the computer unless the timer is periodically reset by software. Today’s embedded systems rely on trusted chip and processor manufacturers like Intel, AMD, and the like. Embedded software is being developed by developers who implement proven methods like compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded system software.

There is a wide range of embedded systems on the market. Many products that feature embedded systems are small, relatively inexpensive, and have a short lifespan of a few years before the next-generation product replaces them. Some examples are mobile phones and other household electronics. By contrast, large, expensive, and complex capital equipment such as telephone switches, automobiles, airplanes, and industrial machines are often safety-critical and have been in operation for several decades. However, all embedded systems are part of a larger product. The buyer is mainly interested in the benefits that the product brings and not in the integrated system. The appearance of embedded systems in devices has resulted in a spectacular increase in products that incorporate embedded software. The latest generation of embedded systems is highly dependent on embedded software. In fact, many of its functions, which used to be controlled by electronic or mechanical components until a few years ago, are now controlled by software. Current trends reveal that functionality that was traditionally implemented in hardware is now being implemented in software. The dependence on software specially developed for embedded systems has led to the multiplication of companies that specialize in embedded software development.

Embedded systems are going to be the focus of intensive and aggressive development in the coming years. As the world seeks compact and palm-sized devices, the need for advanced microprocessors and embedded software is enormous. Embedded software developers and embedded hardware manufacturers will revel in the boom that will see a new peak in global demand for these specialized combinations of hardware and software.